Non‐uniqueness of critical state line in compression and extension conditions

Experimental evidence has indicated that the critical state line determined from undrained compression tests is not identical to that determined from undrained extension tests. The purpose of this paper is to investigate a modelling method that accounts for the non‐uniqueness of critical state lines in the compression and the extension testing conditions. Conventional elastic–plastic cap models can predict only a unique critical state line for the compression and the extension tests. A new micromechanical stress–strain model is developed considering explicitly the location of critical state line. The model is then used to simulate undrained triaxial compression and extension tests performed on isotropically consolidated samples with different over‐consolidated ratios. The predictions are compared with experimental results as well as that predicted by models with kinematic hardening of yield surface. All simulations demonstrate that the proposed micromechanical approach is capable of modelling the undrained compression and the undrained extension tests. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A finite element analysis of tidal deformation of the entire earth with a discontinuous outer layer

Tidal deformation of the Earth is normally calculated using the analytical solution with some simplified assumptions, such as the Earth is a perfect sphere of continuous media. This paper proposes an alternative way, in which the Earth crust is discontinuous along its boundaries, to calculate the tidal deformation using a finite element method. An in-house finite element code is firstly introduced in brief and then extended here to calculate the tidal deformation. The tidal deformation of the Earth due to the Moon was calculated for an geophysical earth model with the discontinuous outer layer and compared with the continuous case. The preliminary results indicate that the discontinuity could have different effects on the tidal deformation in the local zone around the fault, but almost no effects on both the locations far from the fault and the global deformation amplitude of the Earth. The localized deformation amplitude seems to depend much on the relative orientation between the fault strike direction and the loading direction (i.e. the location of the Moon) and the physical property of the fault.     

应力作用下煤层气非稳定耦合渗流模型及数值模拟

基于多孔介质渗流力学和流固耦合理论,建立了应力作用下煤储层中煤层气流固耦合数学模型,并根据数学模型的非线性特性,采用多重物理量耦合软件COMSOL Multiphysic进行数值模拟分析,通过模拟结果研究了煤岩体中压力和浓度的分布特性,并且研究了耦合与非耦合情况下压力动态曲线,为模拟煤层气产量预测和预防矿井瓦斯突出提供了理论依据。     

A comparative study of nutrient transfer via surface runoff from two small agricultural catchments in north China

A field study was conducted to determine the effect of landscape spatial pattern and micro-topography on nutrient transfer via runoff from two catchments into Yuqiao Reservoir in north China. The surface runoff discharge was measured during rainfall events and water samples were analyzed in 2004 and 2005. The mean annual total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) exports per unit area from Caogezhuang catchment (C catchment) were 1.048 and 0.561 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively, while the TN and TP exports from Taohuasi catchment (T catchment) were 0.158 and 0.027 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. In both catchments, village and vineyard shared the highest nutrient export ability due to the accumulated animal waste and heavy application of fertilizer and manure. In T catchment, the distance of village and vineyard was about 1,500 m away from the receiving water and in between were woodland and cropland. In the hydrological pathway, there were sink landscape structures of small stone dams, roadside swale, vegetated filter strip and dry ponds, which could detain water and nutrients. In C catchment, the distance between the village and the receiving water was about 200 m, and the hydrological pathway was compacted roads and ditches with no sink structures. It is suggested that the distance between the pollution source area and the receiving water and the micro-topographical features were the main factors to control the great difference in nutrient export rates.     

福泉磨坊晚震旦世磷块岩矿床地质特征及沉积环境

福泉磨坊磷块岩矿床是贵州瓮福磷矿的八大矿段之一.主要磷矿层赋存于晚震旦系上统陡山沱组上部,有砂砾状、致密状、团块状及条带状几种矿石类型。矿体厚度品位沿倾向均有线性变化规律;矿体间存在一有相当规模的无矿带,矿石露头局部见磷质叠层石;矿石中磷酸盐矿物以胶磷矿,伴生矿物以白云石为主;碘呈分散状态赋存于磷酸盐矿物中;矿体氧化带深度17～75m,浅部矿石质量优良。矿床成因类型属生物化学沉积的磷酸盐矿床。     

Assessing pollutions of soil and plant by municipal waste dump

Research is few in the literature regarding the investigation and assessment of pollutions of soil and plant by municipal waste dumps. Based upon previous work in seven waste dumping sites (nonsanitary landfills) in Beijing, Shanghai and Shijiazhuang, this study expounds the investigation and assessment method and report major pollutants. Using relative background values, this study assesses soil pollution degree in the seven dumping sites. Preliminary conclusions are: (1) pollution degrees are moderate or heavy; (2) pollution distance by domestic waste that is dumped on a plane ground is 85 m; (3) the horizontal transport distance of pollutants might be up to 120 m if waste leachates are directly connected with water in saturated soils; (4) vertical transport depth is about 3 m in unsaturated silty clayey soils. Furthermore, using relative background values and hygiene standards of food and vegetable this study assesses the pollutions of different parts of reed, sorghum, watermelon and sweet-melon. It is found: (1) in comparison with the relative background values in a large distance to the waste dumping sites, domestic wastes have polluted the roots and stems of reed and sorghum, whereas fine coal ash has polluted the leaves, rattans and fruits of watermelon and sweet-melon; (2) domestic wastes and fine coal ash have heavily polluted the edible parts of sorghum, water melon and sweet-melon. As, Hg, Pb and F have far exceeded standard values, e.g., Hg has exceeded the standard value by up to 650–1,700 times and Cd by 120–275 times, and the comprehensive pollution index is up to 192.9–369.7; (3) the polluted sorghum, watermelon and sweet-melon are inedible.     

1971-2000年青藏高原气候变化趋势

Trends of annual and monthly temperature, precipitation, potential evapotranspi- ration and aridity index were analyzed to understand climate change during the period 1971–2000 over the Tibetan Plateau which is one of the most special regions sensitive to global climate change. FAO56–Penmen–Monteith model was modified to calculate potential evapotranspiration which integrated many climatic elements including maximum and mini- mum temperatures, solar radiation, relative humidity and wind speed. Results indicate gen- erally warming trends of the annual averaged and monthly temperatures, increasing trends of precipitation except in April and September, decreasing trends of annual and monthly poten- tial evapotranspiration, and increasing aridity index except in September. It is not the isolated climatic elements that are important to moisture conditions, but their integrated and simulta- neous effect. Moreover, potential evapotranspiration often changes the effect of precipitation on moisture conditions. The climate trends suggest an important warm and humid tendency averaged over the southern plateau in annual period and in August. Moisture conditions would probably get drier at large area in the headwater region of the three rivers in annual average and months from April to November, and the northeast of the plateau from July to September. Complicated climatic trends over the Tibetan Plateau reveal that climatic factors have nonlinear relationships, and resulte in much uncertainty together with the scarcity of observation data. The results would enhance our understanding of the potential impact of climate change on environment in the Tibetan Plateau. Further research of the sensitivity and attribution of climate change to moisture conditions on the plateau is necessary.     

利用活断层探测资料构建银川探测区地下三维结构模型

在收集与整理前人资料的基础上,“银川市活断层探测与地震危险性评价”项目对银川隐伏断层、芦花台隐伏断层等断层开展了多学科的联合探测。文中对如何以银川市活断层探测成果资料构建银川活断层探测区地下三维构造模型的方法进行了探索,总结出的步骤是:收集活断层地震探测资料并进行数据预处理;在地震解释软件中进行断层及层位的解释,绘制层面构造图并输出断层及层位数据,也可在该软件中进一步完成三维可视化建模;在三维建模软件GOCAD中加载基础数据、层面及断层数据,进行断层面及层面修正构建与展示三维模型。鉴于地震探测资料的不规范会增加地震数据解释工作的难度并影响到解释精度,建议:规范原始探测数据的归档要求,在每条活断层的探测区上增加1条联络测线,在可能的情况下采用石油单位的区域时深转换关系,提高地震剖面的解释精度     

GPS RTK在航测成图高程测量中的探讨与研究

本文探讨了GPS RTK定位技术在大面积1：1000航测成图高程测量方案中的实施，对布网方案进行了研究与探讨，并对GPS RTK用于高程测量的精度进行了分析，对其应用前景作出评价。